|
Public Law 113-110 is a law that "ban(s) Iran's new United Nations ambassador, who has ties to a terrorist group, from entering the United States."〔 Iran's proposed ambassador, Hamid Aboutalebi, is controversial due to his involvement in the Iran hostage crisis, in which a number of American diplomats from the US embassy in Tehran were held captive from 1979 until 1981.〔〔(US Troubled by Iran's Choice of Its UN Ambassador )〕〔http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/04/irans-reformers-include-more-than-one-former-hostage-taker/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0〕 Aboutalebi said he did not participate in the takeover of the US embassy, but was brought in to translate and negotiate following the occupation.〔("US Senate bill would bar Iranian envoy Hamid Aboutalebi" ), BBC News, 8 April 2014〕〔("Iran Names Hamid Aboutalebi, Linked To 1979 Tehran US Embassy Takeover, As UN Ambassador" ), ''International Business Times'', March 29 2014〕 President Barack Obama told Iran that Aboutalebis selection was not "viable" and Congress reacted by passing this law to ban his presence in the United States.〔 Since the United Nations' headquarters is located in New York City, he needs a visa in order to enter and live in the United States.〔 Originally , the bill was signed into law on April 16, 2014 by President Barack Obama.〔 ==Background== The Iran hostage crisis, referred to in Persian as تسخیر لانه جاسوسی امریکا (literally "Conquest of the American Spy Den,"), was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981), after a group of Iranian students supporting the Iranian Revolution took over the US Embassy in Tehran.〔(Iran–U.S. Hostage Crisis (1979–1981) )〕 President Carter called the hostages "victims of terrorism and anarchy," adding that "the United States will not yield to blackmail."〔(State of the Union Address by President Carter ), January 23, 1980〕 The crisis was described by the western media as an entanglement of "vengeance and mutual incomprehension."〔(The Long Ordeal of the Hostages By HP-Time.com;John Skow, January 26, 1981 )〕 In Iran, the hostage taking was widely seen as a blow against the United States and its influence in Iran, its perceived attempts to undermine the Iranian Revolution, and its longstanding support of the recently overthrown Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Following his overthrow, the Shah was allowed into the U.S. for medical treatment. The Iranians wanted the United States to return the Shah to them for trial of the crimes committed by him during his reign on ordinary citizens with the help of his secret police, the SAVAK. In Iran the asylum granted by the U.S. to the Shah was seen as American complicity in the atrocities meted by the Shah on the Iranian people. In the United States, the hostage-taking was seen as an outrage violating the principle of international law granting diplomats immunity from arrest and diplomatic compounds' inviolability.〔"Doing Satan's Work in Iran", ''New York Times'', November 6, 1979.〕〔Kinzer, Stephen. (2003). All The Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Nalle, David. (2003). All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. Middle East Policy, Vol. X (4), 148-155. Pryce-Jones, David. (2003). A Very Elegant Coup. National Review, 55 (17), 48-50.〕 The episode reached a climax when, after failed attempts to negotiate a release, the United States military attempted a rescue operation off ships such as the and that were patrolling the waters near Iran. On April 24, 1980, Operation Eagle Claw resulted in a failed mission, the deaths of eight American servicemen, one Iranian civilian, and the destruction of two aircraft. On July 27, 1980, the former Shah died; then, in September, Iraq invaded Iran. These two events led the Iranian government to enter negotiations with the U.S., with Algeria acting as a mediator. The hostages were formally released into United States custody the day after the signing of the Algiers Accords, just minutes after the new American president, Ronald Reagan, was sworn into office. Considered a pivotal episode in the history of Iran–United States relations,〔(Inside Iran's Fury, Stephen Kinzer, Smithsonian magazine, October 2008 )〕 political analysts cite the crisis as having weighed heavily on Jimmy Carter's presidency and run for reelection in the 1980 presidential election.〔(Reagan's Lucky Day: Iranian Hostage Crisis Helped The Great Communicator To Victory ), CBS News, January 21, 2001〕 In Iran, the crisis strengthened the prestige of the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and the political power of those who supported theocracy and opposed any normalization of relations with the West.〔Mackey, Sandra, ''The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation'', New York: Dutton, c. 1996 (p. 298)〕 The crisis also marked the beginning of U.S. legal action resulting in economic sanctions against Iran, to further weaken ties between Iran and the United States.〔(History Of U.S. Sanctions Against Iran ) Middle East Economic Survey, 26-August-2002〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Public Law 113-100」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|